Evaluation of the Relaxation Times for Rhizophora spp. Wood as Human Tissue Equivalent for MRI Breast Phantom
Keywords:
magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Phantom. Relaxation times T1, T2. Rhizophora spp.Abstract
Rhizophora spp. type of mangroves have been tested to make it as a possible human breast tissue equivalent magnetic resonance image (MRI) phantom that is realistic, inexpensive and stable over time. This study involves variations of relaxation times with water distribution inside Rhizophora spp. wood phantom. The sample was fabricated to comparable breast phantom dimension and evaluated by using breast coils at different MRI imaging sequences available for diagnosis using 1.5T clinical MRI equipment. The T1 relaxation time were measured using spin echo sequence with six repetitions and fast spin echo sequence were used to measure T2 relaxation time with six echoes. The fabricated phantom was found to have mean T1 values of ROI 1, ROI 2, ROI 3 and ROI 4, 434.78 ms ± 23.05 , 714.28ms ± 16, 666.67ms ± 19.70ms and 454.55ms ± 26.63, respectively. T2 values of 76.92 ± 20.85ms, 84.03ms ± 29.29, 89.28ms ± 29.07 and 79.36ms ±19.2, respectively. The change on the results due to water distribution and organic substances inside the sample. The relaxation times measured are similar to human breast tissue, especially fat and normal fibroglandular tissue.
References
Nyu LG, Udupa JK. On standardizing the MR image intensity scale. image. 1999;1081.
Schnack HG, van Haren NE, Pol H, Hilleke E, Picchioni M, Weisbrod M, et al. Reliability of brain volumes from multicenter MRI acquisition: a calibration study. Human brain mapping. 2004;22:312-20.
Ohno S, Kato H, Harimoto T, Ikemoto Y, Yoshitomi K, Kadohisa S, et al. Production of a human-tissue-equivalent MRI phantom: optimization of material heating. Magnetic resonance in medical sciences: MRMS: an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2007;7:131-40.
Hellerbach A, Schuster V, Jansen A, Sommer J. MRI Phantoms–Are There Alternatives to Agar? PloS one. 2013;8:e70343.
Liney GP, Tozer DJ, Turnbull LW. A Simple and Realistic Tissueâ€Equivalent Breast Phantom for MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 1999;10:968-71.
Müller U, Bammer R, Halmschlager E, Stollberger R, Wimmer R. Detection of fungal wood decay using magnetic resonance imaging. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 2001;59:190-4.
Damadian R. Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science. 1971;171:1151-3.
Flibotte S, Menon R, MacKay A, Hailey JR. Proton magnetic resonance of western red cedar. Wood and fiber science. 1990;22:362-76.
Hall LD, Rajanayagam V, Stewart WA, Steiner PR. Magnetic resonance imaging of wood. Canadian journal of forest research. 1986;16:423-6.
Wang PC, Chang SJ. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of wood. Wood and fiber science. 1986;18:308-14.
Araujo C, MacKay A, Hailey J, Whittall K, Le H. Proton magnetic resonance techniques for characterization of water in wood: application to white spruce. Wood Science and Technology. 1992;26:101-13.
Hall LD, Rajanayagam V, Stewart WA, Steiner PR, Chow S. Detection of hiddon morphology of wood by magnetic resonance imaging. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 1986;16:684-7.
Peter H. The Biology of mangroves. Oxford University Press; 1999.
Adolphe A, Ndongo D, Simon L, Nico K, Farid D-G. Commercial activities and subsistence utilization of mangrove forests around the Wouri estuary and the Douala-Edea reserve (Cameroon). 2009.
Bradley D, Tajuddin A, Sudin CWACW, Bauk S. Photon attenuation studies on tropical hardwoods. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation Part A Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 1991;42:771-3.
Sudin C. Kayu tropika sebagai bahantara setaraan tisu untuk kajian dosimetri. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. 1993.
Tajuddin A, Sudin CCW, Bradley D. Radiographic and scattering investigation on the suitability of Rhizophora sp. as tissue-equivalent medium for dosimetric study. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 1996;47:739-40.
Mamani JB, Pavon LF, Miyaki LAM, Sibov TT, Rossan F, Silveira PH, et al. Intracellular labeling and quantification process by magnetic resonance imaging using iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in rat C6 glioma cell line. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2012;10:216-21.
Gold GE, Han E, Stainsby J, Wright G, Brittain J, Beaulieu C. Musculoskeletal MRI at 3.0 T: relaxation times and image contrast. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004;183:343-51.
Fromm JH, Sautter I, Matthies D, Kremer J, Schumacher P, Ganter C. Xylem water content and wood density in spruce and oak trees detected by high-resolution computed tomography. Plant Physiology. 2001;127:416-25.
Sadegh AN. Variation of Basic Density in Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh wood grown in Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2012;11:1472-4.
Dean KI, Majurin M-L, Komu M. Relaxation times of normal breast tissues: changes with age and variations during the menstrual cycle. Acta Radiologica. 1994;35:258-61.
Carneiro A, Vilela G, de Araujo D, Baffa O. MRI relaxometry: methods and applications. Brazilian journal of physics. 2006;36:9-15.
Hendrick RE. Breast MRI: fundamentals and technical aspects: Springer Science & Business Media; 2007.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.