Evaluation of Nutrient Composition of Ripe and Unripe Fruits of <em>Solanum sisymbriifolium</em>
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v9i1.6525Keywords:
Solanum sisymbriifolium , Ripe fruit, Unripe fruit, Proximate composition, Mineral elementsAbstract
Introduction: Solanum sisymbriifolium or lychee tomato is a small, viscid, and prickly wild shrub native to South America, widely distributed throughout Bangladesh. Although roots and other aerial parts of this plant are traditionally used for treating various ailments, much work has not yet been done to elucidate its nutritional and economic importance of the edible fruit of this medicinal plant. Therefore, to explore the nutritional value as a food source, the proximate value and mineral content of ripe and unripe fruit of S. sisymbriifolium were assessed in this study.
Materials and methods: AOAC methods have been followed to determine the proximate content, while the analysis of the mineral content has been done by using standard analytical methods.
Result and Discussion: This study investigated proximate values (moisture, ash, crude fiber, crude protein, and lipid) and selected mineral contents- magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), and potassium (K) of ripe and unripe fruits of Solanum sisymbriifolium using standard analytical methods. Compared to other minerals, Mg was present in higher concentrations in both ripe and unripe fruits. The concentration of Fe in unripe (0.013 mg/100g) and ripe fruit (0.024mg/100g) was the lowest. Although proximate compositions were variable between ripe and unripe fruits, only Ca was found in higher amount in the unripe fruit (08.91 mg/100g) than the ripe fruit (06.73 mg/100g) among all the other tested minerals which makes it a more preferable option for consumption.
Conclusion: The unripe and ripe fruits (preferably) of Solanum sisymbriifolium could be introduced as a functional food in the community for health promotion.
References
O'Donnell, O. Access to health care in developing countries: breaking down demand side barriers. Cadernos de saude publica, 23(12), 2820-2834, 2007.
Calixto, J. B. Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Brazilian Journal of medical and Biological research, 33(2), 179-189, 2000.
Ullah, M., Chy, F. K., Sarkar, S. K., Islam, K. M. and Absar, N. Nutrient and Phytochemical Analysis of Four Varieties of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) Grown in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3):186-193, 2011.
Gharibzahedi, S. M. T., & Jafari, S. M. The importance of minerals in human nutrition: Bioavailability, food fortification, processing effects and nanoencapsulation. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 62, 119-132, 2017.
Rajendran, D. Application of nano minerals in animal production system. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 8(3), 1-3, 2013.
Kumar, S., Pandey, A. K., AbdulRazzaque, W. A., & Dwivedi, D. K. Importance of micro minerals in reproductive performance of livestock. Veterinary world, 4(5), 230, 2011.
Bvenura, C., & Sivakumar, D. The role of wild fruits and vegetables in delivering a balanced and healthy diet. Food Research International, 99, 15-30, 2017.
Park, Y. W., & Bell, L. N. Determination of moisture and ash contents of foods. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-NEW YORK-MARCEL DEKKER-, 138(1), 55, 2004.
Okeke, C.U. and I. Elekwa. Proximate and preliminary phytochemical analyses of avocado pear Persea gratissima Gaertn. f. (family Lauraceae). Niger. J. Bot., 19: 156-162, 2006.
Dutta, A.C. Botany for Degree Students. 6th Edn., Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India, pp: 301-588, 2003.
Bouttwell, R.K.. An Overview of the Role of Nutrition in Carcinogenesis. In: Nutrition Growth and Cancer, Harris, C.C. and P.A. Cerutti (Eds.). Alan R. Liss, London, pp: 387-418, 1998.
Timmermans, B. G. H., Vos, J., Van Nieuwburg, J., Stomph, T. J., Van der Putten, P. E. L., & Molendijk, P. G. Field performance of Solanum sisymbriifolium, a trap crop for potato cyst nematodes. I. Dry matter accumulation in relation to sowing time, location, season and plant density. Annals of applied biology, 150(1), 89-97, 2007.
Chauhan, K., Sheth, N., Ranpariya, V., & Parmar, S. Anticonvulsant activity of solasodine isolated from Solanum sisymbriifolium fruits in rodents. Pharmaceutical biology, 49(2), 194-199, 2011.
Ferro, E. A., Alvarenga, N. L., Ibarrola, D. A., Hellión-Ibarrola, M. C., & Ravelo, A. G. A new steroidal saponin from Solanum sisymbriifolium roots. Fitoterapia; 76(6): 577-579, 2005.
Gonzales Torrez, D.M. Catalogo de Plantas Medicihales O' Alimenticias y Utiles) Usadas en el Paraguay. El Pals, Asuucidn, pp. 312 and 452, 1992.
Martinez-Crovetto R. Fertility-regulating plants used in popular medicine in Northeastern Argentina. Parodiana I, 97-117, 1981.
Hnatyszyn, 0,. Arenas, P., Moreno, A.R., Rondina, R,V.D. and Coussio, J.D. Preliminary phytochemical study of Paraguayan medicinal plants. I. Plants regulating fertility from medicinal folklore. Revista de la Soeiedad Cient(B'ea (Paraguay) 14, 23, 1974.
Evans, W.C. and Somanabandhu, A. Nitrogen-containing non-steroidal secondary metabolites of Solanum, Cyphomandra, Lycianthes and Margaranthus. Phytochemistry 19, 2351-2356, 1980.
Maldoni, B.E. Alkaloids of Solanum sisymhrii/olium. Anales ~& /a Asociaci6n Quimica Argentina 72, 265-267, 1984.
Mazumdar, B.C. Steroidal sapogenins in two wild species of Solanum. Scienee and Culture 50, 122-123, 1984.
Chakravarty AK, Mukhopadhyay S, Saha S, Pakrashi SC. A neolignan and sterols in fruits of S. sisymbriifolium. Phytochemistry, 41, 935–939, 1996.
Weissenberg, M. Isolation of solasodine and other steroidal alkaloids and sapogenins by direct hydrolysis-extraction of Solanum plants or glycosides therefrom. Phytochemistry; 58(3): 501-508, 2001.
Ibarrola, D. A., Hellion-Ibarrola, M. D. C., Alvarenga, N. L., Ferro, E. A., Hatakeyama, N., Shibuya, N., ... & Tsuchida, K. Cardiovascular Action of Nuatigenosido from Solanum sisymbriifolium. Pharmaceutical biology, 44(5), 378-381, 2006.
Silva, T. M. S., Batista, M. M., Camara, C. A., & Agra, M. F. Molluscicidal activity of some Brazilian Solanum spp.(Solanaceae) against Biomphalaria glabrata. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 99(4), 419-425, 2005.
More, G. K. A review of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological relevance of the South African weed Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.(Solanaceae). Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(1), 37-50, 2019.
AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis, 13th edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA, 1980.
AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA, 1995.
AOAC. Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis. 9th edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC., pp: 73, 1960.
Petersen, L. Analytical methods: Soil, water, plant material, fertilizer. Soil Resources Management and Analytical Services, Soil Resource Dev., Inst. Danida, Dhaka, 2002.
Noormrio, M.H., Dahot, M.U., Siddiqui, H.L., Dewani, V.K. Studies on the nutritive composition of Phyllanthus multiforus (Kanoo) fruit. Sci. Sindh, 3: 13-19, 1996.
FAO. Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Leipzig Declaration; FAO: Rome, Italy, 1996.
FAO. Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action; FAO: Rome, Italy, 1996.
Laio, F., Porporato, A., Ridolfi, L., & Rodriguez-Iturbe, I. Plants in water-controlled ecosystems: active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress: II. Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics. Advances in water resources, 24(7), 707-723, 2001.
Frenkel, C., & Hartman, T. G. Decrease in fruit moisture content heralds and might launch the onset of ripening processes. Journal of food science, 77(10), S365-S376, 2012.
Antia,B.S., E.J. Akpan, P.A. Okon and I.U. Umoren. Nutritiveand Anti-Nutritive Evaluation of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) Leaves. Pak. J. Nutr., 5: 166-168, 2006.
Kamau, E., Mathara, J., & Kenji, G. Characterization of the Chemical and Phytochemical Profiles during Fruit Development and Ripening in Selected Cultivars of African Nightshade (Solanum Nigrum Complex) Edible Berries. Journal of Agricultural Studies, 8(2), 806-819, 2020.
Barbera, G., Carimi, F., & Inglese, P. Physical, morphological and chemical changes during fruit development and ripening in three cultivars of prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 3(113), 307-312, 1992.
Balic, I., Vizoso, P., Nilo-Poyanco, R., Sanhueza, D., Olmedo, P., Sepúlveda, P., & Campos-Vargas, R. Transcriptome analysis during ripening of table grape berry cv. Thompson Seedless. Plos one, 13(1), e0190087, 2018.
Skrovankova, S., Sumczynski, D., Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., & Sochor, J. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Different Types of Berries. International Journal of Molecular Science, 16, 24673-24706, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161024673, 2015.
DeVries, J. W. On defining dietary fibre. Proceeding Nutrition Society, 62, 37– 43, 2003
Kritchevsky, D. Dietary fibre. Annual Review of Nutrition, 8(1): 301–328, 1988
Schmeda‐Hirschmann, G., Feresin, G., Tapia, A., Hilgert, N., & Theoduloz, C. Proximate composition and free radical scavenging activity of edible fruits from the Argentinian Yungas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85(8), 1357-1364, 2005.
Robinson, C. H, and Lawler, M . Normal and therapeutic Nutrition. Macmillan Co Ltd., New York, 1980.
Haard, N.F., “Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits and vegetables”, Journal of Chemical Education, 61(4). 277-283. 1984
Weber, H., Sarruge, J.R., Haag, H.P. and Dechen, A.R., “Macronutrient deficiencies on Solanum topiro Humb. & Bonpl.”, Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, 38(2). 481-506. 1981
Contreras-Medina, L.M., Osornio-Rios, R.A., Torres-Pacheco, I., Romero-Troncoso, R.J., Guevara-González, R.G. and MillanAlmaraz, J.R., “Smart sensor for real-time quantification of common symptoms present in unhealthy plants”, Sensors, 12(1). 784-805. 2012
Volpe, S. L. Magnesium in Disease Prevention. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 4, 378-383. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003483, 2013.
Emila, S., & Swaminathan, S. Role of Magnesium in Health and Disease. Journal of Experimental Sciences, 4(2), 32-43, 2013.
Long, S., & Romani, A. M. P. Cellular Magnesium in Human Disease. Austin J Nutr Food Sci, 2(10), 1-19, 2015.
Eby III, G. A., & Eby, K. L. Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: a review and hypothesis. Medical hypotheses, 74(4), 649-660, 2010.
Anderson, J. J. Calcium, phosphorus and human bone development. The Journal of nutrition, 126(suppl_4), 1153S-1158S, 1996.
Nomura, N., Shoda, W., & Uchida, S. Clinical importance of potassium intake and molecular mechanism of potassium regulation. Clinical and experimental nephrology, 1-6.Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (2nd ed.). Academic Press, 2019.
Sterns, R. H., Cox, M. A. L. C. O. L. M., Feig, P. U., & Singer, I. R. W. I. N. Internal potassium balance and the control of the plasma potassium concentration. Medicine, 60(5), 339-354, 1981.
Gennari, C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly. Public health nutrition, 4(2b), 547-559, 2001.
Lu, B., Zhang, Q., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Nakayama, M., & Ren, D. Extracellular calcium controls background current and neuronal excitability via an UNC79-UNC80-NALCN cation channel complex. Neuron, 68(3), 488-499, 2010.
Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., Appel, L. J., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D., ... & Cutler, J. A. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. New England journal of medicine, 344(1), 3-10, 2001.
Grimm Jr, R. H., Neaton, J. D., Elmer, P. J., Svendsen, K. H., Levin, J., Segal, M., ... & Prineas, R. J. The influence of oral potassium chloride on blood pressure in hypertensive men on a low-sodium diet. New England Journal of Medicine, 322(9), 569-574, 1990.
Gasche, C., Lomer, M. C. E., Cavill, I., & Weiss, G. Iron, anaemia, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut, 53(8), 1190-1197, 2004.
Aspuru, K., Villa, C., Bermejo, F., Herrero, P., & López, S. G. Optimal management of iron deficiency anemia due to poor dietary intake. International journal of general medicine, 4, 741, 2011.
Ilahy, R., Hdider, C., Lenucci, M. S., Tlili, I., & Dalessandro, G. Antioxidant activity and bioactive compound changes during fruit ripening of high-lycopene tomato cultivars. Journal of food composition and analysis, 24(4-5), 588-595, 2011.
Mahmood, T., Anwar, F., Bhatti, I. A., & Iqbal, T. Effect of maturity on proximate composition, phenolics and antioxidant attributes of cherry fruit. Pak. J. Bot, 45(3), 909-914, 2013.
Woteki, C. E., & Thomas, P. R. (Eds.). Eat for life: The food and nutrition board's guide to reducing your risk of
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Farhana Momen, Rashu Barua, Md. Golam Kabir
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, or thesis) and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by any other publisher.
- It is also the authors responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular source are submitted with the necessary approval.
- The authors warrant that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required.
- The authors ensure that all the references carefully and they are accurate in the text as well as in the list of references (and vice versa).
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.